List of primary metaphors

	Target frame	Source frame	Metaphor family
ACHIEVING A PURPOSE IS ACQUIRING A DESIRED OBJECT	Purposeful action	Gain possession
ACHIEVING A PURPOSE IS REACHING A DESTINATION	Purposeful action	Self propelled motion to a destination
ACQUIRING IDEAS IS EATING	Thinking about	Eating
ACTION IS BEING IN A LOCATION	Action	Being at a location
ACTION IS MOTION	Action	Motion
ACTION IS MOTION ALONG A PATH	Action	Motion along a path
ACTION IS SELF-PROPELLED MOTION ALONG A PATH	Action	Self propelled motion
ACTIVITIES ARE BOUNDED REGIONS IN SPACE	Activity	Bounded region
AFFECTION IS WARMTH	Affection	Heat
AIDS TO ACHIEVING A PURPOSE ARE AIDS TO REACHING A DESTINATION	Aids to action	Aids to motion
ANGER IS HEAT	Anger	Heat
ANGER IS PRESSURE IN A CONTAINER	Anger	Pressure in a container
ARGUMENT IS WAR	Argument	War
ARITHMETIC IS OBJECT CONSTRUCTION	Arithmetic	Object Construction
ASSESSING IS MEASURING	Evaluation	Measuring
ASSISTANCE IS SUPPORT	Assistance	Support
ATTRIBUTES ARE ENTITIES	Attribute	Entity
ATTRIBUTES ARE POSSESSIONS	Attribute	Possession
BAD IS STINKY	Badness	Disgusting
BEING ALIVE IS BEING PHYSICALLY AT THIS LOCATION	Life cycle	Being at a location
BEING WEALTHY IS BEING FREE	Wealth	Lack of impediment to motion
BELIEFS ARE POSSESSIONS	Belief	Possession
BUSINESSES ARE LIVING ENTITIES	Business	Animate entity
CATEGORIES ARE BOUNDED REGIONS	Category	Bounded region
CAUSATION IS AGENTIVE CAUSATION	Causation	Agentive causation
CAUSATION IS OBJECT TRANSFER	Causation	Transfer scenario
CAUSE INCREASE IN QUANTITY IS CAUSE UPWARD MOTION	Quantity	Caused upward motion
CAUSES ARE FORCES	Causation	Force
CERTAIN IS FIRM	Certainty	Firmness
CHANGE IN MOOD IS VERTICAL MOVEMENT	Emotion	Motion along a path
CHANGE IS ACQUISITION	Change of state	Gain possession
COGNIZING IS BODILY FUNCTIONING	Bodily functioning	Cognizing
COGNIZING IS EATING	Cognizing	Eating
COMMUNICATING IS FEEDING	Communication	Feeding
COMMUNICATING IS OBJECT TRANSFER	Communication	Transfer scenario
COMMUNICATING IS POINTING	Communication	Cause to perceive
COMMUNICATING IS SHOWING	Communication	Cause to see
COMPULSION IS A COMPELLING FORCE	Compulsion	Force
CONSCIOUS IS UP	Consciousness	Verticality
CONSCIOUSNESS IS VERTICALITY	Consciousness	Verticality
CONSTITUENTS ARE CONTENTS	Constituents	Contents
CONTROL IS A BOUNDED REGION	Control	Bounded region
CONTROL IS PHYSICAL RESTRAINT	Control	Object manipulation
CONTROL IS UP	Control	Verticality
CONTROL IS VERTICALITY	Control	Verticality
CREATING IS MAKING	Creating	Making
DECREASE IN QUANTITY IS DOWNWARD MOTION	Quantity	Downward motion
DEGREE IS DISTANCE ALONG A PATH	Degree	Differences in distance
DEGREE OF SIMILARITY IS DEGREE OF PROXIMITY	Similarity	Proximity
DESIRE IS HUNGER	Desire	Hunger
DIFFERENT MEANS OF ACHIEVING A PURPOSE ARE DIFFERENT PATHS TO A DESTINATION	Purposeful action	Self propelled motion to a destination
DIFFICULTIES IN KNOWING ARE VISUAL OBSTRUCTIONS	Knowing	Visual obstruction
DIFFICULTY IS HARDNESS	Difficulties in action	Hardness
DIFFICULTY IS HEAVINESS	Difficulties in action	Weight
DIFFICULTY IS PHYSICAL STRUGGLE	Difficulties in action	Physical struggle
DISTINGUISHING IS DIVIDING	Distinguishing	Dividing
EASE OF ACTION IS EASE OF MOTION ALONG A PATH	Action	Motion along a path
EDUCATION IS A RESOURCE	Education	Resource
EFFECTS ARE TRANSFERRED OBJECTS	Causation	Transfer scenario
EMOTION IS PRESSURE IN A CONTAINER	Emotion	Pressure in a container
EMOTIONAL INTENSITY IS TEMPERATURE	Emotional intensity	Heat
EMOTIONAL INTIMACY IS PHYSICAL PROXIMITY	Intimacy	Proximity
EMOTIONALLY INDIFFERENT IS COLD	Emotional intensity	Temperature
EMOTIONALLY INTENSE IS HOT	Emotion	Heat
EMOTIONALLY MILD IS EXPERIENCING MILD TEMPERATURE	Emotional intensity	Temperature
EMOTIONS ARE OBJECTS	Emotion	Object
END OF AN ACTION IS THE END OF A PATH	Action	Motion to a location
ENVIRONMENTAL HARM IS PHYSICAL INJURY	Environmental harm	Physical harm
ESSENTIAL IS INTERNAL	Essence	Containment
EVENTS ARE OBJECTS	Event	Object
EVIL IS DARK	Evil	Darkness
EXISTENCE IS VISIBILITY	Existence	Visual evaluation
EXISTING IS BEING PHYSICALLY AT THIS LOCATION	Existence	Being at a location
EXPERIENCE OF A STATE IS SPATIAL RELATION WITH AN ENTITY	Experiencing a state	Spatial relation
EXPERIENCING A STATE IS BEING AT A LOCATION	Experiencing a state	Being at a location
EXPERIENCING A STATE IS POSSESSING AN OBJECT	Experiencing a state	Possession
FORCE TRANSFER IS OBJECT TRANSFER	Force transfer	Transfer scenario
FUNCTIONALITY IS VERTICALITY	Functionality	Verticality
FUTURE IS AHEAD	Time	Front
GOODNESS IS LIGHT	Goodness	Lightness
GROUPS ARE CONTAINERS	Group	Containing
GROUPS ARE PART-WHOLE STRUCTURES	Group	Part whole
HAPPINESS IS VERTICALITY	Emotion	Verticality
HAPPY IS UP	Happiness	Being at a High Location
HARM IS PHYSICAL INJURY	Harm	Physical harm
HEALTH IS UP	Health	Being at a High Location
HEALTH IS VERTICALITY	Health	Verticality
HELP IS PHYSICAL SUPPORT	Aids to action	Support
HIGH STATUS IS UP	Status	Verticality
IDEAS ARE FOOD	Idea	Food
IDEAS ARE OBJECTS	Idea	Object
IMPEDIMENTS TO ACTION ARE ANTAGONISTIC FORCES	Difficulties in action	Antagonistic force
IMPORTANCE IS SIZE	Importance	Size
IMPORTANCE IS WEIGHT	Importance	Object
IMPORTANT IS CENTRAL	Importance	Center periphery
IMPROVEMENT IN MOOD IS UPWARD MOTION	Emotion	Upward motion
INCREASE IN QUANTITY IS UPWARD MOTION	Quantity	Upward motion
INFORMATION IS CONTENTS	Information	Contents
INTENSITY OF ACTIVITY IS HEAT	Activity	Heat
KNOWING IS PERCEIVING	Knowing	Perception
KNOWING IS SEEING	Knowing	Seeing
LEARNING IS ACQUIRING	Learning	Gain possession
LESS IS DOWN	Quantity	Verticality
LIFE IS A SEQUENCE OF MOTIONS	Life	Motion along a path
LIFE IS VERTICALITY	Life cycle	Verticality
MANNER OF ACTION IS MANNER OF MOVEMENT	Action	Self propelled motion
MEANS ARE PATHS	Purposeful action	Self propelled motion to a destination
MIND IS A BODY	Cognizing	Bodily functioning
MIND IS A CONTAINER	Mind	Containment
MORALITY IS A STRAIGHT PATH	Morality	Straight path
MORALITY IS STRAIGHTNESS	Morality	Straightness
MORE IS UP	Quantity	Verticality
MULTIPLICITY IS MASS	Multiplex	Mass
NONVISUAL PERCEPTUAL SPACE IS PHYSICAL SPACE	Perception	Space
NOW IS HERE	Time	Being at a location
OPPORTUNITIES ARE OBJECTS	Opportunities	Object
OPPORTUNITIES ARE PATHS	Opportunities	Physical path
ORGANIZATION IS PHYSICAL STRUCTURE	Organization	Physical structure
PASSION IS HEAT	Desire	Heat
PAST IS BEHIND	Time	Back
POSITIVITY IS VERTICALITY	Positivity scale	Verticality
PROGRESS IS FORWARD MOTION ALONG A PATH	Action	Motion along a path
PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM IS PHYSICAL INJURY	Psychological harm	Physical harm
PURITY IS CLEANLINESS	Purity	Cleanliness
PURPOSEFUL ACTION IS SELF-PROPELLED MOTION TO A DESTINATION	Purposeful action	Self propelled motion to a destination
QUALITIES ARE SUBSTANCES	Quality	Substance
QUANTITY IS SIZE	Quantity	Size
QUANTITY IS VERTICALITY	Quantity	Verticality
RELATEDNESS IS PROXIMITY	Abstract relatedness	Proximity
RELATIONSHIP IS A BOUNDED REGION IN SPACE	Relationship	Bounded region
RELATIONSHIPS ARE OBJECTS	Relationship	Object
RESOURCE IS A LIQUID	Resource	Liquid
SAD IS DOWN	Sadness	Being at a Low Location
SCALES ARE PATHS	Scale	Source path goal
SEEING IS TOUCHING	Seeing	Touching
SICKNESS IS DOWN	Health	Being at a Low Location
SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY	Similarity	Proximal distal
SOCIAL GROUP IS A BOUNDED REGION	Social group	Bounded region
STATES ARE LOCATIONS	State	Trajector landmark
STATES ARE PHYSICAL OBJECTS	State	Physical entity
STATUS IS VERTICALITY	Status	Verticality
SUBJUGATION IS DOWN	Control	Verticality
SYMPATHY IS WARMTH	Sympathy	Heat
THINKING IS LINGUISTIC ACTIVITY	Cognizing	Linguistic activity
THINKING IS MOVING	Thinking about	Motion
THINKING IS PERCEIVING	Thinking about	Perception
THINKING IS SPEAKING	Cognizing	Speaking
TIME IS A LANDSCAPE THROUGH WHICH THE OBSERVER MOVES	Time	Motion along a path
TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT	Time	Moving object
TIME IS A RESOURCE	Time	Resource
TIME IS A SUBSTANCE	Time	Substance
TIME PERIODS ARE CONTAINERS	Time	Containment
UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN	Consciousness	Verticality
UNDERSTANDING IS DIGESTING	Understanding	Digestion
UNDERSTANDING IS GRASPING	Understanding	Object manipulation
VISUAL FIELD IS A CONTAINER	Visual field	Containment
WELL-BEING IS VERTICALITY	Well-being	Verticality
WHOLES ARE CONTAINERS	Part whole	Containing
WHOLES ARE POSSESSORS	Part whole	Possession
WORDS ARE CONTAINERS	Word	Containing
WORSENING MOOD IS DOWNWARD MOTION	Emotion	Downward motion